Medio Ambiente
Tecnología

El papel de los puertos en la circularidad del CO₂

La captura, el transporte y la reutilización del CO₂ abren un nuevo papel para los puertos, que evolucionan de infraestructuras logísticas a plataformas industriales y energéticas de la transición.
Imagen de Javiera Brañes
Javiera Brañes

Doctoranda del Port de Barcelona en transición energética

Buque Carbon Destroyer 1 navegando en mar abierto, primer carguero offshore de CO₂ construido en Europa, con los logotipos de INEOS Energy y Wagenborg en el casco
El Carbon Destroyer 1, primer carguero offshore de CO₂ construido en Europa, ha sido desarrollado por INEOS Energy y Royal Wagenborg dentro del proyecto Greensand. Transportará CO₂ capturado desde el puerto de Esbjerg (Dinamarca) hasta el yacimiento de Nini, en el mar del Norte, donde se inyectará a más de 1.800 metros bajo el lecho marino para su almacenamiento permanente. (Greensand)

El transporte marítimo afronta un reto cada vez más urgente: reducir sus emisiones para cumplir los objetivos climáticos internacionales. Entre las distintas soluciones que se están explorando, la captura, uso y almacenamiento de carbono (CCUS) gana relevancia, especialmente donde la electrificación o los combustibles alternativos aún presentan limitaciones, como la baja densidad energética, los elevados costes o la falta de infraestructuras a gran escala.

En este contexto, los puertos emergen como nodos clave para habilitar la circularidad del CO₂ en la transición energética.

Tipos de captura de carbono

La captura de carbono (CO₂) engloba un conjunto de tecnologías destinadas a reducir las emisiones capturando este gas tanto en fuentes industriales como directamente del aire, para posteriormente almacenarlo o reutilizarlo. En el ámbito industrial (CCS), destacan tres métodos principales: postcombustión, precombustión y oxicombustión, que se diferencian en el momento del proceso en el que se separa el CO₂. 

Por otro lado, la captura directa del aire (DAC) permite extraer CO₂ directamente de la atmósfera, aunque con un mayor coste energético debido a la baja concentración de este gas en el aire.

Actualmente, estas tecnologías operan a escala comercial, con 45 instalaciones activas que capturan alrededor de 50 millones de toneladas de CO₂ al año, principalmente en el procesamiento de gas natural (65,3%) y en la producción de hidrógeno y amoníaco (14,9%). Progresivamente, se están incorporando nuevas fuentes de captura en la generación eléctrica, la industria pesada y tecnologías emergentes.

Según la International Energy Agency (IEA), esta evolución apunta hacia una mayor diversificación sectorial de la captura de CO₂ de cara a 2030.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="es">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Capacidad de captura de CO₂ por aplicación — PierNext</title>
<style>
/* ====== PierNext · gráfica dinámica ====== */
:root{
--pn-blue:#0073CE;
--pn-ink:#0a2540;
--pn-grid:#e6ebf1;
--pn-text:#3c4a5a;
--pn-muted:#7c8a99;
--pn-frame:#dfe6ee;
}
*{box-sizing:border-box;}
.pn-wrap{
font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI",Roboto,"Helvetica Neue",Arial,sans-serif;
max-width:880px;margin:0 auto;padding:28px 30px 22px;
background:#ffffff;border:1px solid var(--pn-frame);border-radius:14px;
color:var(--pn-text);position:relative;
}
.pn-title{color:var(--pn-blue);font-size:22px;line-height:1.25;font-weight:800;margin:0 0 2px;letter-spacing:-.2px;}
.pn-sub{color:var(--pn-ink);font-size:14px;font-weight:600;margin:0 0 22px;opacity:.85;}

/* axis */
.pn-axis{position:relative;height:18px;margin-left:120px;margin-bottom:4px;}
.pn-axis span{position:absolute;transform:translateX(-50%);font-size:11px;color:var(--pn-muted);top:0;}
.pn-plot{position:relative;}
.pn-grid-lines{position:absolute;left:120px;right:0;top:0;bottom:26px;pointer-events:none;}
.pn-grid-lines i{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;width:1px;background:var(--pn-grid);}

.pn-row{display:flex;align-items:center;margin:0 0 18px;position:relative;z-index:1;}
.pn-row-label{width:120px;flex:0 0 120px;padding-right:14px;text-align:right;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:var(--pn-ink);}
.pn-bar{flex:1;display:flex;height:42px;border-radius:5px;overflow:hidden;background:#f4f7fa;box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(10,37,64,.04);}
.pn-seg{height:100%;width:0;transition:width .9s cubic-bezier(.22,1,.36,1),opacity .2s ease,filter .2s ease;cursor:pointer;outline:none;position:relative;}
.pn-seg:focus-visible{filter:brightness(1.06);box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 2px rgba(255,255,255,.85);}
.pn-wrap.dim .pn-seg:not(.hot){opacity:.32;filter:saturate(.7);}
.pn-seg.hot{filter:brightness(1.05);}

/* legend */
.pn-legend{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px 22px;margin:6px 0 18px;}
.pn-li{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--pn-text);cursor:pointer;user-select:none;line-height:1.2;transition:opacity .2s ease;}
.pn-wrap.dim .pn-li:not(.hot){opacity:.4;}
.pn-dot{width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:50%;flex:0 0 13px;}

/* footer */
.pn-foot{display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;gap:16px;margin-top:6px;padding-top:14px;border-top:1px solid var(--pn-grid);}
.pn-source{font-size:11px;color:var(--pn-muted);line-height:1.5;max-width:62%;}
.pn-source em{font-style:italic;}
.pn-logo{flex:0 0 auto;}

/* tooltip */
.pn-tip{position:absolute;z-index:20;pointer-events:none;background:var(--pn-ink);color:#fff;
padding:8px 11px;border-radius:8px;font-size:12px;line-height:1.4;opacity:0;transform:translateY(4px);
transition:opacity .15s ease,transform .15s ease;white-space:nowrap;box-shadow:0 6px 20px rgba(10,37,64,.22);}
.pn-tip.on{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);}
.pn-tip b{font-weight:700;}
.pn-tip .v{color:#9fd2ff;font-weight:700;}

@media (max-width:560px){
.pn-wrap{padding:20px 16px 16px;}
.pn-row-label{width:84px;flex:0 0 84px;font-size:12px;}
.pn-axis,.pn-grid-lines{margin-left:84px;left:84px;}
.pn-title{font-size:18px;}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="pn-wrap" id="pnWrap">
<p class="pn-title">Capacidad de captura de CO₂ por aplicación</p>
<p class="pn-sub">Operativa (1.<sup>er</sup> trimestre de 2024) frente a 2030</p>

<div class="pn-axis" id="pnAxis"></div>
<div class="pn-plot">
<div class="pn-grid-lines" id="pnGrid"></div>
<div id="pnRows"></div>
</div>

<div class="pn-legend" id="pnLegend"></div>

<div class="pn-foot">
<div class="pn-source">
Fuente: Agencia Internacional de la Energía (IEA)
</div>
<div class="pn-logo">
<svg width="178" height="40" viewBox="0 0 239 54" fill="none" role="img" aria-label="PierNext, Innovation by Port de Barcelona" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<g clip-path="url(#clip0_25_91)">
<path d="M91.2048 14.3187C92.3627 13.1245 92.9417 11.5732 92.9417 9.64022C92.9417 7.70725 92.3627 6.1067 91.2048 4.92476C90.0469 3.73051 88.5194 3.13954 86.6224 3.13954H77.3098C77.1866 3.13954 77.125 3.2011 77.125 3.32421V15.9193C77.125 16.0424 77.1866 16.104 77.3098 16.104H86.6224C88.5194 16.104 90.0469 15.513 91.2048 14.3187ZM92.9787 3.34884C94.5431 4.92476 95.3315 7.01778 95.3315 9.60328C95.3315 12.1888 94.5431 14.2202 92.9663 15.7962C91.3896 17.3598 89.2955 18.1477 86.7086 18.1477H77.3098C77.1866 18.1477 77.125 18.2093 77.125 18.3324V32.1464C77.125 32.2941 77.0757 32.4295 76.9648 32.528C76.854 32.6388 76.7308 32.6881 76.583 32.6881H75.2772C75.1294 32.6881 74.9939 32.6388 74.8954 32.528C74.7845 32.4295 74.7352 32.2941 74.7352 32.1464V1.51436C74.7352 1.36662 74.7845 1.2435 74.8954 1.1327C75.0062 1.02189 75.1294 0.972641 75.2772 0.972641H86.7949C89.3571 0.972641 91.4142 1.7606 92.991 3.34884" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M101.552 32.528C101.441 32.4295 101.392 32.2941 101.392 32.1464V10.4651C101.392 10.3174 101.441 10.1819 101.552 10.0834C101.663 9.98495 101.786 9.92339 101.934 9.92339H103.24C103.388 9.92339 103.523 9.97263 103.622 10.0834C103.72 10.1942 103.782 10.3174 103.782 10.4651V32.1464C103.782 32.2941 103.733 32.4295 103.622 32.528C103.511 32.6388 103.388 32.6881 103.24 32.6881H101.934C101.786 32.6881 101.651 32.6388 101.552 32.528ZM101.072 4.78932C100.678 4.40766 100.48 3.9398 100.48 3.36114C100.48 2.78248 100.678 2.32694 101.072 1.95759C101.466 1.60054 101.959 1.41586 102.562 1.41586C103.166 1.41586 103.659 1.60054 104.053 1.95759C104.447 2.31463 104.644 2.78248 104.644 3.36114C104.644 3.9398 104.447 4.40766 104.053 4.78932C103.659 5.17099 103.166 5.35567 102.562 5.35567C101.959 5.35567 101.466 5.17099 101.072 4.78932Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M113.587 19.9453C113.587 20.0684 113.649 20.13 113.772 20.13H126.374C126.497 20.13 126.558 20.0684 126.558 19.9453C126.558 18.4063 126.484 17.2613 126.337 16.5103C126.004 15.0698 125.277 13.9001 124.169 13.0137C123.06 12.1272 121.68 11.684 120.054 11.684C118.428 11.684 117.073 12.1149 115.989 12.9767C114.905 13.8386 114.215 14.9713 113.907 16.3871C113.76 16.9658 113.649 18.1477 113.587 19.9576M124.119 29.9549C125.179 29.3023 125.955 28.4159 126.472 27.2709C126.657 26.9754 126.891 26.8769 127.199 27L128.012 27.3201C128.369 27.4679 128.48 27.7141 128.332 28.0465C127.667 29.5855 126.632 30.8044 125.216 31.7031C123.799 32.6019 122.111 33.0575 120.153 33.0575C118.071 33.0575 116.322 32.5404 114.893 31.5185C113.464 30.4966 112.466 29.093 111.887 27.3201C111.468 25.9412 111.259 23.922 111.259 21.275C111.259 19.7975 111.284 18.6895 111.333 17.9261C111.382 17.1751 111.481 16.4856 111.629 15.8454C112.109 13.9494 113.094 12.4227 114.585 11.2777C116.075 10.1327 117.911 9.56635 120.079 9.56635C122.493 9.56635 124.427 10.1943 125.906 11.4624C127.384 12.7305 128.32 14.4542 128.702 16.658C128.825 17.2613 128.911 17.8892 128.948 18.5294C128.997 19.1819 129.022 20.1669 129.022 21.4843C129.022 21.8782 128.837 22.0752 128.48 22.0752H113.797C113.673 22.0752 113.612 22.1368 113.612 22.2599C113.612 24.1559 113.686 25.4487 113.834 26.1382C114.166 27.5787 114.905 28.7483 116.051 29.6347C117.196 30.5212 118.625 30.9644 120.35 30.9644C121.828 30.9398 123.085 30.5951 124.144 29.9425" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M147.118 10.2312C147.389 10.3543 147.475 10.5759 147.389 10.9083L147.031 12.2134C146.945 12.5704 146.711 12.6813 146.354 12.5335C145.689 12.3242 144.974 12.238 144.186 12.2626C142.498 12.2873 141.106 12.9275 140.01 14.1833C138.914 15.4391 138.359 16.9658 138.359 18.7633V32.1341C138.359 32.2818 138.31 32.4172 138.199 32.5157C138.088 32.6265 137.965 32.6758 137.817 32.6758H136.512C136.364 32.6758 136.228 32.6265 136.13 32.5157C136.019 32.4172 135.97 32.2818 135.97 32.1341V10.4651C135.97 10.3174 136.019 10.1819 136.13 10.0834C136.241 9.97263 136.364 9.92339 136.512 9.92339H137.817C137.965 9.92339 138.101 9.97263 138.199 10.0834C138.31 10.1942 138.359 10.3174 138.359 10.4651V13.4446C138.359 13.5308 138.384 13.5923 138.433 13.6046C138.483 13.617 138.52 13.58 138.544 13.4938C139.172 12.3242 139.998 11.4008 141.008 10.736C142.018 10.0711 143.2 9.73871 144.555 9.73871C145.492 9.73871 146.354 9.89876 147.13 10.2312" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M152.131 32.5034C152.008 32.3803 151.946 32.2202 151.946 32.0109V1.74829C151.946 1.53899 152.008 1.36662 152.131 1.25581C152.254 1.1327 152.415 1.07114 152.624 1.07114H155.519C155.876 1.07114 156.147 1.21888 156.332 1.52668L170.153 23.8851C170.214 23.9713 170.276 24.0082 170.338 23.9959C170.399 23.9836 170.424 23.9097 170.424 23.7866V1.74829C170.424 1.53899 170.485 1.36662 170.609 1.25581C170.732 1.1327 170.892 1.07114 171.101 1.07114H174.082C174.292 1.07114 174.464 1.1327 174.575 1.25581C174.698 1.37893 174.76 1.53899 174.76 1.74829V32.0109C174.76 32.2202 174.698 32.3926 174.575 32.5034C174.452 32.6265 174.292 32.6881 174.082 32.6881H171.151C170.793 32.6881 170.522 32.5404 170.338 32.2326L156.517 9.73871C156.455 9.65253 156.393 9.6156 156.332 9.62791C156.27 9.64022 156.246 9.71409 156.246 9.83721L156.295 32.0109C156.295 32.2202 156.233 32.3926 156.11 32.5034C155.987 32.6265 155.827 32.6881 155.617 32.6881H152.636C152.427 32.6881 152.254 32.6265 152.144 32.5034" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M187.399 14.0356C186.573 14.6635 186.007 15.5376 185.699 16.658C185.489 17.3229 185.354 18.1601 185.292 19.1943C185.292 19.342 185.366 19.4159 185.514 19.4159H195.775C195.923 19.4159 195.997 19.342 195.997 19.1943C195.935 18.197 195.849 17.4583 195.726 16.9781C195.43 15.8085 194.826 14.8605 193.94 14.1587C193.053 13.4446 191.944 13.0999 190.614 13.0999C189.283 13.0999 188.212 13.42 187.386 14.0479M196.502 26.4952C196.65 26.2244 196.822 26.0889 196.994 26.0889C197.142 26.0889 197.278 26.1382 197.401 26.2244L199.249 27.357C199.483 27.5048 199.606 27.7018 199.606 27.948L199.52 28.3051C198.707 29.7825 197.549 30.9398 196.058 31.777C194.568 32.6142 192.831 33.0452 190.835 33.0452C188.692 33.0452 186.893 32.565 185.415 31.617C183.937 30.669 182.828 29.3023 182.077 27.5294C181.326 25.6949 180.944 23.5404 180.944 21.0657C180.944 18.8742 181.104 17.1997 181.436 16.0547C181.978 13.974 183.062 12.3365 184.688 11.13C186.315 9.9234 188.285 9.32011 190.614 9.32011C193.471 9.32011 195.664 10.0711 197.167 11.5609C198.67 13.0506 199.655 15.2175 200.099 18.0369C200.247 19.145 200.357 20.4993 200.419 22.0999C200.419 22.5554 200.197 22.777 199.741 22.777H185.465C185.317 22.777 185.243 22.8509 185.243 22.9986C185.304 24.1436 185.403 24.9562 185.563 25.4364C185.896 26.643 186.561 27.591 187.546 28.2804C188.544 28.9699 189.776 29.3146 191.254 29.3146C193.693 29.29 195.442 28.3297 196.502 26.4706" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M203.24 32.3187C203.24 32.1956 203.289 32.0479 203.375 31.8632L210.655 21.3365C210.717 21.2503 210.717 21.1518 210.655 21.0657L203.375 10.5021C203.289 10.3174 203.24 10.1696 203.24 10.0465C203.24 9.80028 203.425 9.68947 203.782 9.68947H206.948C207.305 9.68947 207.601 9.83721 207.81 10.145L212.922 17.643C212.922 17.643 213.045 17.7291 213.107 17.7291C213.168 17.7291 213.218 17.7045 213.242 17.643L218.354 10.145C218.564 9.84952 218.847 9.68947 219.217 9.68947H222.654C223.011 9.68947 223.196 9.81259 223.196 10.0465C223.196 10.1696 223.146 10.3174 223.06 10.5021L215.792 21.0657C215.768 21.1518 215.768 21.2503 215.792 21.3365L223.06 31.8632C223.146 32.0479 223.196 32.1956 223.196 32.3187C223.196 32.565 223.011 32.6758 222.654 32.6758H219.451C219.094 32.6758 218.798 32.528 218.588 32.2202L213.476 24.7223C213.476 24.7223 213.402 24.6361 213.341 24.6361C213.279 24.6361 213.218 24.6607 213.156 24.7223L208.044 32.2202C207.835 32.5157 207.551 32.6758 207.182 32.6758H203.794C203.437 32.6758 203.252 32.5527 203.252 32.3187" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M238.791 13.0752C238.667 13.1984 238.507 13.2599 238.298 13.2599H233.691C233.543 13.2599 233.469 13.3338 233.469 13.4815V25.264C233.469 26.5568 233.752 27.4802 234.307 28.0219C234.861 28.5636 235.76 28.8345 236.992 28.8345H238.076C238.286 28.8345 238.458 28.896 238.569 29.0191C238.692 29.1423 238.754 29.3023 238.754 29.5116V31.8632C238.754 32.2818 238.532 32.528 238.076 32.5896L236.228 32.6388C233.913 32.6388 232.176 32.2326 231.03 31.42C229.884 30.6074 229.318 29.093 229.318 26.8646V13.4938C229.318 13.3461 229.244 13.2722 229.096 13.2722H226.608C226.398 13.2722 226.226 13.2107 226.115 13.0875C225.992 12.9644 225.93 12.8044 225.93 12.5951V10.3789C225.93 10.1696 225.992 9.99726 226.115 9.88645C226.238 9.76333 226.398 9.70177 226.608 9.70177H229.096C229.244 9.70177 229.318 9.6279 229.318 9.48016V4.40765C229.318 4.19835 229.379 4.02599 229.503 3.91518C229.626 3.79206 229.786 3.7305 229.995 3.7305H232.792C233.001 3.7305 233.173 3.79206 233.284 3.91518C233.408 4.0383 233.469 4.19835 233.469 4.40765V9.46785C233.469 9.61559 233.543 9.68946 233.691 9.68946H238.298C238.507 9.68946 238.667 9.75102 238.791 9.87414C238.914 9.99726 238.975 10.1573 238.975 10.3666V12.5828C238.975 12.7921 238.914 12.9644 238.791 13.0752Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M0.332574 25.8057L25.8192 0.332421C26.2626 -0.110807 26.9894 -0.110807 27.4329 0.332421L52.9195 25.8057C53.6339 26.5198 53.1289 27.751 52.1065 27.751H1.14558C0.123163 27.751 -0.381888 26.5198 0.332574 25.8057Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M48.4233 35.6676L4.84105 35.6306C3.75704 35.6306 2.87012 34.7565 2.87012 33.6607C2.87012 32.565 3.74472 31.6908 4.84105 31.6908L48.4233 31.7278C49.5073 31.7278 50.3942 32.6019 50.3942 33.6977C50.3942 34.7934 49.5073 35.6676 48.4233 35.6676Z" fill="#2372B9"/>
<path d="M40.5026 43.5841H12.7617C11.6777 43.5841 10.7908 42.7223 10.7908 41.6388C10.7908 40.5554 11.6777 39.6689 12.7617 39.6689H40.5026C41.5866 39.6689 42.4735 40.5308 42.4735 41.6265C42.4735 42.7223 41.5866 43.5964 40.5026 43.5964" fill="#2372B9"/>
<path d="M32.5819 51.4637H20.6208C19.5368 51.4637 18.6499 50.6019 18.6499 49.5062C18.6499 48.4104 19.5245 47.5363 20.6208 47.5363H32.5819C33.6659 47.5363 34.5528 48.3981 34.5528 49.4938C34.5528 50.5896 33.6659 51.4637 32.5819 51.4637Z" fill="#2372B9"/>
<path d="M74.4395 51.5007C74.4395 51.5007 74.3903 51.4268 74.3903 51.3652V43.2025C74.3903 43.2025 74.3903 43.104 74.4395 43.067C74.4888 43.0301 74.5134 43.0178 74.575 43.0178H75.3757C75.3757 43.0178 75.4743 43.0178 75.5112 43.067C75.5482 43.1163 75.5605 43.1409 75.5605 43.2025V51.3652C75.5605 51.3652 75.5605 51.4637 75.5112 51.5007C75.4743 51.5376 75.4373 51.5499 75.3757 51.5499H74.575C74.575 51.5499 74.4765 51.5499 74.4395 51.5007Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M81.7197 45.8372C82.1139 46.2189 82.311 46.7483 82.311 47.4008V51.3653C82.311 51.3653 82.2987 51.4638 82.2617 51.5007C82.2248 51.5376 82.1878 51.5499 82.1262 51.5499H81.3255C81.3255 51.5499 81.227 51.5499 81.19 51.5007C81.1531 51.4638 81.1407 51.4268 81.1407 51.3653V47.6347C81.1407 47.2285 81.0176 46.896 80.7835 46.6498C80.5495 46.3912 80.2292 46.2681 79.8473 46.2681C79.5024 46.2681 79.2068 46.3666 78.9604 46.5759C78.714 46.7852 78.5785 47.0561 78.5416 47.4131V51.3653C78.5416 51.3653 78.5416 51.4638 78.4923 51.5007C78.4553 51.5376 78.4184 51.5499 78.3568 51.5499H77.5561C77.5561 51.5499 77.4576 51.5499 77.4206 51.5007C77.3837 51.4638 77.3713 51.4268 77.3713 51.3653V45.5294C77.3713 45.5294 77.3713 45.4309 77.4206 45.394C77.4699 45.357 77.4945 45.3447 77.5561 45.3447H78.3568C78.3568 45.3447 78.4553 45.3447 78.4923 45.394C78.5293 45.4309 78.5416 45.4679 78.5416 45.5294V45.8741C78.5416 45.8741 78.5416 45.9111 78.5662 45.9234H78.6032C78.9481 45.4925 79.4531 45.2832 80.143 45.2832C80.8328 45.2832 81.3378 45.4802 81.732 45.8618V45.8372H81.7197Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M88.2854 45.8372C88.6796 46.2189 88.8767 46.7483 88.8767 47.4008V51.3653C88.8767 51.3653 88.8643 51.4638 88.8274 51.5007C88.7904 51.5376 88.7535 51.5499 88.6919 51.5499H87.8912C87.8912 51.5499 87.7926 51.5499 87.7557 51.5007C87.7187 51.4638 87.7064 51.4268 87.7064 51.3653V47.6347C87.7064 47.2285 87.5832 46.896 87.3492 46.6498C87.1151 46.3912 86.7949 46.2681 86.413 46.2681C86.0681 46.2681 85.7724 46.3666 85.5261 46.5759C85.2797 46.7852 85.1442 47.0561 85.1072 47.4131V51.3653C85.1072 51.3653 85.0949 51.4638 85.058 51.5007C85.021 51.5376 84.9841 51.5499 84.9225 51.5499H84.1218C84.1218 51.5499 84.0232 51.5499 83.9863 51.5007C83.9493 51.4638 83.937 51.4268 83.937 51.3653V45.5294C83.937 45.5294 83.9493 45.4309 83.9863 45.394C84.0232 45.357 84.0602 45.3447 84.1218 45.3447H84.9225C84.9225 45.3447 85.021 45.3447 85.058 45.394C85.0949 45.4309 85.1072 45.4679 85.1072 45.5294V45.8741C85.1072 45.8741 85.1073 45.9111 85.1319 45.9234H85.1688C85.5138 45.4925 86.0188 45.2832 86.7086 45.2832C87.3985 45.2832 87.9035 45.4802 88.2977 45.8618V45.8372H88.2854Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M91.4635 51.1806C91.02 50.8728 90.712 50.4542 90.5273 49.9125C90.3795 49.4692 90.3055 48.9768 90.3055 48.4227C90.3055 47.8687 90.3795 47.3516 90.515 46.9576C90.6997 46.4159 91.0077 45.9973 91.4511 45.7018C91.8946 45.394 92.4243 45.2462 93.0525 45.2462C93.6315 45.2462 94.1489 45.394 94.58 45.7018C95.0111 46.0096 95.3314 46.4282 95.5162 46.9453C95.664 47.3639 95.7379 47.8441 95.7379 48.4104C95.7379 48.9768 95.664 49.4815 95.5162 49.9125C95.3314 50.4542 95.0235 50.8851 94.5923 51.1806C94.1612 51.4761 93.6315 51.6361 93.0402 51.6361C92.4489 51.6361 91.9069 51.4884 91.4635 51.1806ZM93.8902 50.3557C94.1365 50.171 94.309 49.9125 94.4199 49.58C94.5061 49.2722 94.5554 48.8906 94.5554 48.435C94.5554 47.9795 94.5184 47.5978 94.4322 47.3023C94.3213 46.9699 94.1489 46.7114 93.9025 46.5267C93.6561 46.342 93.3605 46.2558 93.0156 46.2558C92.6707 46.2558 92.3997 46.342 92.1533 46.5267C91.9069 46.7114 91.7345 46.9699 91.6236 47.3023C91.5374 47.5855 91.4881 47.9672 91.4881 48.435C91.4881 48.9029 91.5374 49.2846 91.6236 49.58C91.7221 49.9125 91.8946 50.171 92.141 50.3557C92.3873 50.5404 92.683 50.6265 93.0402 50.6265C93.3605 50.6265 93.6561 50.5404 93.8902 50.3557Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M98.411 51.4022L96.4647 45.554V45.4802C96.4647 45.394 96.514 45.3447 96.6249 45.3447H97.5241C97.5241 45.3447 97.6226 45.3447 97.6596 45.3817C97.6966 45.4186 97.7212 45.4432 97.7335 45.4925L99.0639 49.8509C99.0639 49.8509 99.0885 49.9001 99.1008 49.8878C99.1132 49.8878 99.1255 49.8632 99.1378 49.8386L100.456 45.4925C100.456 45.4925 100.493 45.4063 100.53 45.3817C100.567 45.357 100.616 45.3447 100.665 45.3447H101.565C101.626 45.3447 101.675 45.3693 101.7 45.4063C101.725 45.4432 101.725 45.4925 101.7 45.554L99.766 51.3899C99.7291 51.4884 99.6675 51.5376 99.5566 51.5376H98.6327C98.5219 51.5376 98.4603 51.4884 98.4233 51.3899H98.411V51.4022Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M106.245 45.5048C106.615 45.6772 106.898 45.9234 107.095 46.2312C107.292 46.539 107.391 46.896 107.391 47.3023V51.3653C107.391 51.3653 107.379 51.4637 107.342 51.5007C107.305 51.5376 107.268 51.5499 107.206 51.5499H106.406C106.406 51.5499 106.307 51.5499 106.27 51.5007C106.233 51.4637 106.221 51.4268 106.221 51.3653V51.0205C106.221 51.0205 106.221 50.9836 106.196 50.9713H106.147C105.913 51.1806 105.654 51.3406 105.334 51.4637C105.026 51.5746 104.681 51.6361 104.311 51.6361C103.72 51.6361 103.227 51.4884 102.846 51.1806C102.464 50.8728 102.267 50.4172 102.267 49.8016C102.267 49.186 102.488 48.6689 102.932 48.3119C103.375 47.9549 103.991 47.7702 104.792 47.7702H106.147C106.147 47.7702 106.208 47.7456 106.208 47.7086V47.3885C106.208 47.0315 106.11 46.7483 105.901 46.5513C105.691 46.3543 105.383 46.2558 104.952 46.2558C104.619 46.2558 104.348 46.3174 104.139 46.4405C103.93 46.5636 103.794 46.736 103.732 46.9576C103.696 47.0684 103.634 47.1176 103.523 47.1053L102.648 46.9945C102.648 46.9945 102.55 46.9699 102.513 46.9453C102.476 46.9207 102.464 46.8837 102.476 46.8468C102.55 46.3789 102.809 46.0096 103.264 45.7018C103.72 45.394 104.274 45.2585 104.927 45.2585C105.42 45.2585 105.851 45.3447 106.221 45.5171H106.245V45.5048ZM105.74 50.3187C106.061 50.0971 106.221 49.8016 106.221 49.4569V48.7551C106.221 48.7551 106.196 48.6936 106.159 48.6936H105.026C104.545 48.6936 104.164 48.7921 103.88 48.9767C103.597 49.1614 103.449 49.42 103.449 49.7524C103.449 50.0479 103.56 50.2818 103.769 50.4295C103.979 50.5896 104.262 50.6635 104.607 50.6635C105.038 50.6635 105.42 50.5527 105.74 50.3187Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M111.85 46.2558C111.85 46.2558 111.776 46.3051 111.715 46.3051H110.471C110.471 46.3051 110.409 46.3297 110.409 46.3666V49.5431C110.409 49.8878 110.483 50.1464 110.631 50.2818C110.779 50.4295 111.025 50.5034 111.358 50.5034H111.653C111.653 50.5034 111.752 50.5034 111.789 50.5527C111.826 50.6019 111.838 50.6265 111.838 50.6881V51.3283C111.838 51.4391 111.776 51.5007 111.653 51.5253H111.148C110.52 51.5253 110.052 51.4268 109.744 51.2052C109.436 50.9836 109.276 50.5773 109.276 49.974V46.3666C109.276 46.3666 109.251 46.3051 109.214 46.3051H108.549C108.549 46.3051 108.45 46.3051 108.414 46.2558C108.377 46.2066 108.364 46.1819 108.364 46.1204V45.5171C108.364 45.5171 108.377 45.4186 108.414 45.3817C108.45 45.3447 108.487 45.3324 108.549 45.3324H109.214C109.214 45.3324 109.276 45.3078 109.276 45.2709V43.9042C109.276 43.9042 109.288 43.8057 109.325 43.7688C109.362 43.7319 109.399 43.7196 109.461 43.7196H110.212C110.212 43.7196 110.311 43.7196 110.348 43.7688C110.384 43.8181 110.397 43.8427 110.397 43.9042V45.2709C110.397 45.2709 110.421 45.3324 110.458 45.3324H111.703C111.703 45.3324 111.801 45.3324 111.838 45.3817C111.875 45.4309 111.887 45.4555 111.887 45.5171V46.1204C111.887 46.1204 111.875 46.2189 111.838 46.2558H111.85Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M113.39 44.1997C113.242 44.052 113.168 43.8673 113.168 43.6457C113.168 43.4241 113.242 43.2394 113.39 43.0917C113.538 42.9439 113.735 42.8824 113.969 42.8824C114.203 42.8824 114.4 42.9562 114.536 43.0917C114.683 43.2394 114.757 43.4241 114.757 43.6457C114.757 43.8673 114.683 44.052 114.536 44.1997C114.388 44.3475 114.203 44.409 113.969 44.409C113.735 44.409 113.538 44.3352 113.39 44.1997ZM113.427 51.5007C113.427 51.5007 113.378 51.4268 113.378 51.3653V45.5294C113.378 45.5294 113.39 45.4309 113.427 45.394C113.464 45.357 113.501 45.3447 113.563 45.3447H114.363C114.363 45.3447 114.462 45.3447 114.499 45.394C114.536 45.4432 114.548 45.4679 114.548 45.5294V51.3653C114.548 51.3653 114.536 51.4637 114.499 51.5007C114.462 51.5376 114.425 51.5499 114.363 51.5499H113.563C113.563 51.5499 113.464 51.5499 113.427 51.5007Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M117.27 51.1806C116.827 50.8728 116.519 50.4542 116.334 49.9125C116.186 49.4692 116.112 48.9768 116.112 48.4227C116.112 47.8687 116.186 47.3516 116.322 46.9576C116.507 46.4159 116.815 45.9973 117.258 45.7018C117.701 45.394 118.231 45.2462 118.859 45.2462C119.438 45.2462 119.956 45.394 120.387 45.7018C120.818 46.0096 121.138 46.4282 121.323 46.9453C121.471 47.3639 121.545 47.8441 121.545 48.4104C121.545 48.9768 121.471 49.4815 121.323 49.9125C121.138 50.4542 120.83 50.8851 120.399 51.1806C119.968 51.4761 119.438 51.6361 118.847 51.6361C118.256 51.6361 117.714 51.4884 117.27 51.1806ZM119.697 50.3557C119.943 50.171 120.116 49.9125 120.227 49.58C120.313 49.2722 120.362 48.8906 120.362 48.435C120.362 47.9795 120.325 47.5978 120.239 47.3023C120.128 46.9699 119.956 46.7114 119.709 46.5267C119.463 46.342 119.167 46.2558 118.822 46.2558C118.478 46.2558 118.207 46.342 117.96 46.5267C117.714 46.7114 117.541 46.9699 117.43 47.3023C117.344 47.5855 117.295 47.9672 117.295 48.435C117.295 48.9029 117.344 49.2846 117.43 49.58C117.529 49.9125 117.701 50.171 117.948 50.3557C118.194 50.5404 118.49 50.6265 118.847 50.6265C119.167 50.6265 119.463 50.5404 119.697 50.3557Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M127.371 45.8372C127.766 46.2189 127.963 46.7483 127.963 47.4008V51.3653C127.963 51.3653 127.95 51.4638 127.913 51.5007C127.876 51.5376 127.84 51.5499 127.778 51.5499H126.977C126.977 51.5499 126.879 51.5499 126.842 51.5007C126.805 51.4638 126.792 51.4268 126.792 51.3653V47.6347C126.792 47.2285 126.669 46.896 126.435 46.6498C126.201 46.3912 125.881 46.2681 125.499 46.2681C125.154 46.2681 124.859 46.3666 124.612 46.5759C124.366 46.7852 124.23 47.0561 124.193 47.4131V51.3653C124.193 51.3653 124.181 51.4638 124.144 51.5007C124.107 51.5376 124.07 51.5499 124.009 51.5499H123.208C123.208 51.5499 123.109 51.5499 123.072 51.5007C123.035 51.4638 123.023 51.4268 123.023 51.3653V45.5294C123.023 45.5294 123.035 45.4309 123.072 45.394C123.109 45.357 123.146 45.3447 123.208 45.3447H124.009C124.009 45.3447 124.107 45.3447 124.144 45.394C124.181 45.4309 124.193 45.4679 124.193 45.5294V45.8741C124.193 45.8741 124.193 45.9111 124.218 45.9234H124.255C124.6 45.4925 125.105 45.2832 125.795 45.2832C126.485 45.2832 126.99 45.4802 127.384 45.8618V45.8372H127.371Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M137.164 48.4227C137.164 49.0506 137.09 49.58 136.943 49.9863C136.758 50.5157 136.475 50.922 136.093 51.2175C135.711 51.513 135.218 51.6484 134.639 51.6484C134.356 51.6484 134.097 51.5992 133.851 51.4884C133.604 51.3776 133.395 51.2175 133.223 51.0205C133.21 51.0205 133.186 50.9959 133.173 51.0205C133.161 51.0205 133.149 51.0451 133.149 51.0698V51.3899C133.149 51.3899 133.136 51.4884 133.099 51.5253C133.062 51.5622 133.025 51.5746 132.964 51.5746H132.163C132.163 51.5746 132.065 51.5746 132.028 51.5253C131.991 51.4884 131.978 51.4514 131.978 51.3899V43.2271C131.978 43.2271 131.991 43.1286 132.028 43.0917C132.065 43.0547 132.102 43.0424 132.163 43.0424H132.964C132.964 43.0424 133.062 43.0424 133.099 43.0917C133.136 43.1409 133.149 43.1655 133.149 43.2271V45.8741C133.149 45.8741 133.149 45.9111 133.173 45.9111C133.186 45.9111 133.21 45.9111 133.223 45.9111C133.395 45.7018 133.604 45.554 133.851 45.4432C134.085 45.3324 134.356 45.2832 134.639 45.2832C135.243 45.2832 135.735 45.4309 136.13 45.7387C136.524 46.0465 136.807 46.4528 136.98 46.9945C137.103 47.3885 137.164 47.881 137.164 48.472V48.435V48.4227ZM135.994 48.4473C135.994 47.7825 135.859 47.2408 135.6 46.8345C135.354 46.4405 134.984 46.2435 134.516 46.2435C134.048 46.2435 133.715 46.4528 133.481 46.8591C133.272 47.2285 133.161 47.7579 133.161 48.4227C133.161 49.0876 133.259 49.6047 133.457 49.9617C133.703 50.4049 134.06 50.6265 134.516 50.6265C135.058 50.6265 135.452 50.4049 135.686 49.9617C135.896 49.58 135.994 49.0752 135.994 48.4473Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M138.175 53.9384C138.175 53.9384 138.15 53.8646 138.15 53.803V53.1874C138.15 53.0643 138.175 53.0027 138.224 53.0027H138.298C138.618 53.0027 138.877 52.9658 139.061 52.8919C139.246 52.818 139.394 52.6826 139.53 52.4856C139.653 52.2886 139.776 51.9808 139.887 51.5869V51.513L137.879 45.554V45.4802C137.879 45.394 137.928 45.3447 138.039 45.3447H138.889C139 45.3447 139.061 45.394 139.098 45.4925L140.478 49.8755C140.478 49.8755 140.503 49.9248 140.515 49.9248C140.527 49.9248 140.54 49.9247 140.552 49.8755L141.882 45.5048C141.882 45.5048 141.919 45.4186 141.956 45.394C141.993 45.3693 142.042 45.357 142.092 45.357H142.942C143.003 45.357 143.053 45.357 143.077 45.4063C143.102 45.4432 143.102 45.4925 143.077 45.554L140.897 51.9808C140.712 52.5472 140.527 52.9535 140.33 53.2367C140.145 53.5075 139.899 53.7045 139.603 53.8276C139.296 53.9384 138.877 54 138.335 54H138.248C138.248 54 138.199 54 138.187 53.9507H138.175V53.9384Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M151.367 43.3133C151.749 43.5226 152.033 43.8057 152.242 44.1874C152.451 44.5568 152.55 44.9877 152.55 45.4802C152.55 45.9726 152.439 46.3912 152.23 46.7606C152.02 47.1299 151.725 47.4131 151.33 47.6101C150.936 47.8071 150.505 47.9179 150 47.9179H147.869C147.869 47.9179 147.807 47.9425 147.807 47.9795V51.3652C147.807 51.3652 147.795 51.4637 147.758 51.5007C147.721 51.5376 147.684 51.5499 147.623 51.5499H146.822C146.822 51.5499 146.723 51.5499 146.686 51.5007C146.65 51.4637 146.637 51.4268 146.637 51.3652V43.1901C146.637 43.1901 146.65 43.0916 146.686 43.0547C146.723 43.0178 146.76 43.0055 146.822 43.0055H150.049C150.542 43.0055 150.986 43.104 151.355 43.3133H151.367ZM150.973 46.5636C151.244 46.2927 151.38 45.948 151.38 45.5048C151.38 45.0615 151.244 44.6922 150.973 44.4213C150.702 44.1505 150.345 44.015 149.889 44.015H147.869C147.869 44.015 147.807 44.0397 147.807 44.0766V46.9083C147.807 46.9083 147.832 46.9699 147.869 46.9699H149.889C150.333 46.9699 150.702 46.8345 150.973 46.5636Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M154.447 51.1806C154.004 50.8728 153.696 50.4542 153.511 49.9125C153.363 49.4692 153.289 48.9768 153.289 48.4227C153.289 47.8687 153.363 47.3516 153.498 46.9576C153.671 46.4159 153.991 45.9973 154.435 45.7018C154.878 45.4063 155.42 45.2462 156.036 45.2462C156.652 45.2462 157.132 45.394 157.564 45.7018C157.995 46.0096 158.315 46.4282 158.5 46.9453C158.648 47.3639 158.721 47.8441 158.721 48.4104C158.721 48.9768 158.648 49.4815 158.5 49.9125C158.315 50.4542 158.007 50.8851 157.576 51.1806C157.145 51.4761 156.615 51.6361 156.024 51.6361C155.432 51.6361 154.89 51.4884 154.447 51.1806ZM156.886 50.3557C157.132 50.171 157.305 49.9125 157.416 49.58C157.502 49.2722 157.551 48.8906 157.551 48.435C157.551 47.9795 157.514 47.5978 157.428 47.3023C157.317 46.9699 157.145 46.7114 156.898 46.5267C156.652 46.342 156.356 46.2558 156.011 46.2558C155.666 46.2558 155.395 46.342 155.149 46.5267C154.903 46.7114 154.73 46.9699 154.619 47.3023C154.533 47.5855 154.484 47.9672 154.484 48.435C154.484 48.9029 154.533 49.2846 154.619 49.58C154.718 49.9125 154.89 50.171 155.137 50.3557C155.383 50.5404 155.679 50.6265 156.036 50.6265C156.356 50.6265 156.652 50.5404 156.886 50.3557Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M163.575 45.4186C163.661 45.4679 163.698 45.5417 163.673 45.6525L163.501 46.4405C163.501 46.5267 163.452 46.5636 163.378 46.5636H163.279C163.156 46.5267 163.021 46.5021 162.86 46.5021H162.676C162.294 46.5021 161.974 46.6498 161.727 46.896C161.481 47.1423 161.358 47.4624 161.358 47.8687V51.3653C161.358 51.3653 161.358 51.4638 161.308 51.5007C161.259 51.5376 161.234 51.5499 161.173 51.5499H160.372C160.372 51.5499 160.274 51.5499 160.237 51.5007C160.2 51.4638 160.187 51.4268 160.187 51.3653V45.5294C160.187 45.5294 160.187 45.4309 160.237 45.394C160.286 45.357 160.311 45.3447 160.372 45.3447H161.173C161.173 45.3447 161.271 45.3447 161.308 45.394C161.345 45.4309 161.358 45.4679 161.358 45.5294V46.0958V46.145C161.358 46.145 161.382 46.145 161.407 46.1204C161.776 45.5663 162.269 45.2955 162.897 45.2955C163.144 45.2955 163.366 45.3447 163.55 45.4309H163.563L163.575 45.4186Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M167.825 46.2558C167.825 46.2558 167.751 46.3051 167.689 46.3051H166.445C166.445 46.3051 166.383 46.3297 166.383 46.3666V49.5431C166.383 49.8878 166.457 50.1464 166.605 50.2818C166.753 50.4295 166.999 50.5034 167.332 50.5034H167.628C167.628 50.5034 167.726 50.5034 167.763 50.5527C167.8 50.6019 167.812 50.6265 167.812 50.6881V51.3283C167.812 51.4391 167.751 51.5007 167.628 51.5253H167.123C166.494 51.5253 166.026 51.4268 165.718 51.2052C165.41 50.9836 165.25 50.5773 165.25 49.974V46.3666C165.25 46.3666 165.226 46.3051 165.189 46.3051H164.523C164.523 46.3051 164.425 46.3051 164.388 46.2558C164.351 46.2066 164.339 46.1819 164.339 46.1204V45.5171C164.339 45.5171 164.339 45.4186 164.388 45.3817C164.437 45.3447 164.462 45.3324 164.523 45.3324H165.189C165.189 45.3324 165.25 45.3078 165.25 45.2709V43.9042C165.25 43.9042 165.25 43.8057 165.299 43.7688C165.349 43.7319 165.373 43.7196 165.435 43.7196H166.186C166.186 43.7196 166.285 43.7196 166.322 43.7688C166.359 43.8181 166.371 43.8427 166.371 43.9042V45.2709C166.371 45.2709 166.396 45.3324 166.433 45.3324H167.677C167.677 45.3324 167.775 45.3324 167.812 45.3817C167.849 45.4309 167.862 45.4555 167.862 45.5171V46.1204C167.862 46.1204 167.862 46.2189 167.812 46.2558H167.825Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M175.474 43.067C175.474 43.067 175.548 43.0178 175.61 43.0178H176.411C176.411 43.0178 176.509 43.0178 176.546 43.067C176.583 43.1163 176.595 43.1409 176.595 43.2025V51.3652C176.595 51.3652 176.595 51.4637 176.546 51.5007C176.497 51.5376 176.472 51.5499 176.411 51.5499H175.61C175.61 51.5499 175.511 51.5499 175.474 51.5007C175.438 51.4637 175.425 51.4268 175.425 51.3652V51.0451C175.425 51.0451 175.425 51.0082 175.401 50.9959H175.351C175.167 51.2052 174.957 51.3529 174.723 51.4637C174.477 51.5745 174.218 51.6238 173.935 51.6238C173.343 51.6238 172.863 51.4761 172.481 51.1929C172.099 50.9097 171.816 50.4911 171.631 49.9617C171.483 49.5554 171.409 49.0383 171.409 48.3981C171.409 47.8071 171.471 47.3146 171.594 46.9207C171.767 46.3789 172.05 45.9603 172.444 45.6648C172.838 45.3694 173.331 45.2093 173.935 45.2093C174.218 45.2093 174.477 45.2585 174.723 45.3693C174.957 45.4802 175.167 45.6279 175.351 45.8372C175.351 45.8372 175.388 45.8618 175.401 45.8372C175.401 45.8372 175.425 45.8372 175.425 45.8003V43.1532C175.425 43.1532 175.425 43.0547 175.474 43.0178V43.0547V43.067ZM175.413 48.435C175.413 47.7702 175.302 47.2531 175.093 46.8714C174.859 46.4528 174.514 46.2558 174.058 46.2558C173.602 46.2558 173.22 46.4528 172.974 46.8468C172.715 47.2531 172.58 47.7948 172.58 48.4596C172.58 49.0875 172.678 49.5923 172.888 49.974C173.122 50.4172 173.516 50.6388 174.058 50.6388C174.526 50.6388 174.871 50.4172 175.117 49.974C175.314 49.617 175.413 49.0999 175.413 48.435Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M182.299 49.8755C182.336 49.8016 182.385 49.7647 182.434 49.7647C182.471 49.7647 182.508 49.7647 182.545 49.8016L183.05 50.1094C183.112 50.1464 183.149 50.2079 183.149 50.2695L183.124 50.368C182.902 50.762 182.594 51.0821 182.188 51.3037C181.781 51.5376 181.313 51.6484 180.784 51.6484C180.205 51.6484 179.712 51.5253 179.318 51.2668C178.924 51.0082 178.616 50.6389 178.419 50.1587C178.209 49.6662 178.111 49.0876 178.111 48.4104C178.111 47.8194 178.16 47.3639 178.246 47.0561C178.394 46.4897 178.69 46.0588 179.121 45.7264C179.564 45.4063 180.094 45.2339 180.722 45.2339C181.498 45.2339 182.089 45.4309 182.496 45.8372C182.902 46.2435 183.161 46.8222 183.284 47.5855C183.321 47.8933 183.358 48.2503 183.371 48.6813C183.371 48.8044 183.309 48.8659 183.186 48.8659H179.33C179.33 48.8659 179.269 48.8906 179.269 48.9275C179.269 49.2353 179.318 49.4569 179.355 49.58C179.441 49.9001 179.626 50.1587 179.897 50.3434C180.168 50.528 180.5 50.6265 180.895 50.6265C181.547 50.6265 182.028 50.368 182.311 49.8632H182.299V49.8755ZM179.835 46.5144C179.613 46.6867 179.453 46.9207 179.379 47.2161C179.318 47.4008 179.281 47.6224 179.269 47.8933C179.269 47.9302 179.293 47.9549 179.33 47.9549H182.102C182.102 47.9549 182.163 47.9302 182.163 47.8933C182.163 47.6224 182.126 47.4254 182.089 47.29C182.003 46.9699 181.843 46.7237 181.609 46.5267C181.375 46.3297 181.067 46.2435 180.71 46.2435C180.353 46.2435 180.057 46.3297 179.835 46.5021V46.5144Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M191.882 47.1669C192.732 47.5486 193.164 48.2257 193.164 49.1984C193.164 49.9494 192.917 50.528 192.424 50.9343C191.932 51.3406 191.279 51.5499 190.491 51.5499H187.509C187.509 51.5499 187.411 51.5499 187.374 51.5007C187.337 51.4637 187.325 51.4268 187.325 51.3652V43.2025C187.325 43.2025 187.325 43.104 187.374 43.067C187.423 43.0301 187.448 43.0178 187.509 43.0178H190.392C191.242 43.0178 191.895 43.2148 192.363 43.5964C192.831 43.9781 193.065 44.5445 193.065 45.2832C193.065 46.1573 192.683 46.7606 191.907 47.1053C191.858 47.13 191.858 47.1546 191.907 47.1792H191.882V47.1669ZM188.495 44.0889V46.6375C188.495 46.6375 188.52 46.699 188.557 46.699H190.392C190.86 46.699 191.23 46.5759 191.513 46.342C191.784 46.1081 191.919 45.788 191.919 45.3817C191.919 44.9754 191.784 44.643 191.513 44.3967C191.242 44.1505 190.872 44.0274 190.392 44.0274H188.557C188.557 44.0274 188.495 44.052 188.495 44.0889ZM191.587 50.1341C191.858 49.8755 191.993 49.5308 191.993 49.0875C191.993 48.6443 191.858 48.2996 191.575 48.041C191.304 47.7825 190.922 47.6594 190.441 47.6594H188.544C188.544 47.6594 188.483 47.684 188.483 47.7209V50.4542C188.483 50.4542 188.507 50.5157 188.544 50.5157H190.466C190.934 50.5157 191.291 50.3926 191.575 50.1341H191.587Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M198.251 45.5048C198.621 45.6772 198.904 45.9234 199.101 46.2312C199.298 46.539 199.397 46.896 199.397 47.3023V51.3653C199.397 51.3653 199.397 51.4637 199.347 51.5007C199.298 51.5376 199.273 51.5499 199.212 51.5499H198.411C198.411 51.5499 198.313 51.5499 198.276 51.5007C198.239 51.4637 198.226 51.4268 198.226 51.3653V51.0205C198.226 51.0205 198.226 50.9836 198.202 50.9713H198.152C197.918 51.1806 197.66 51.3406 197.339 51.4637C197.032 51.5746 196.687 51.6361 196.317 51.6361C195.726 51.6361 195.233 51.4884 194.851 51.1806C194.469 50.8728 194.272 50.4172 194.272 49.8016C194.272 49.186 194.494 48.6689 194.937 48.3119C195.381 47.9549 195.997 47.7702 196.797 47.7702H198.152C198.152 47.7702 198.214 47.7456 198.214 47.7086V47.3885C198.214 47.0315 198.116 46.7483 197.906 46.5513C197.697 46.3543 197.389 46.2558 196.958 46.2558C196.625 46.2558 196.354 46.3174 196.145 46.4405C195.935 46.5636 195.8 46.736 195.738 46.9576C195.701 47.0684 195.64 47.1176 195.529 47.1053L194.654 46.9945C194.654 46.9945 194.556 46.9699 194.519 46.9453C194.482 46.9207 194.469 46.8837 194.482 46.8468C194.556 46.3789 194.814 46.0096 195.27 45.7018C195.726 45.394 196.28 45.2585 196.933 45.2585C197.426 45.2585 197.857 45.3447 198.226 45.5171H198.251V45.5048ZM197.758 50.3187C198.079 50.0971 198.239 49.8016 198.239 49.4569V48.7551C198.239 48.7551 198.214 48.6936 198.177 48.6936H197.044C196.563 48.6936 196.182 48.7921 195.898 48.9767C195.615 49.1614 195.467 49.42 195.467 49.7524C195.467 50.0479 195.578 50.2818 195.787 50.4295C195.997 50.5896 196.28 50.6635 196.625 50.6635C197.056 50.6635 197.438 50.5527 197.758 50.3187Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M204.312 45.4186C204.398 45.4679 204.435 45.5417 204.41 45.6525L204.238 46.4405C204.238 46.5267 204.188 46.5636 204.115 46.5636H204.016C203.893 46.5267 203.757 46.5021 203.597 46.5021H203.412C203.031 46.5021 202.71 46.6498 202.464 46.896C202.217 47.1423 202.094 47.4624 202.094 47.8687V51.3653C202.094 51.3653 202.094 51.4638 202.045 51.5007C201.996 51.5376 201.971 51.5499 201.91 51.5499H201.109C201.109 51.5499 201.01 51.5499 200.973 51.5007C200.936 51.4638 200.924 51.4268 200.924 51.3653V45.5294C200.924 45.5294 200.924 45.4309 200.973 45.394C201.023 45.357 201.047 45.3447 201.109 45.3447H201.91C201.91 45.3447 202.008 45.3447 202.045 45.394C202.082 45.4309 202.094 45.4679 202.094 45.5294V46.0958V46.145C202.094 46.145 202.119 46.145 202.144 46.1204C202.513 45.5663 203.006 45.2955 203.634 45.2955C203.88 45.2955 204.102 45.3447 204.287 45.4309H204.299L204.312 45.4186Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M206.209 51.1806C205.765 50.8728 205.47 50.4419 205.309 49.9001C205.186 49.5308 205.125 49.0383 205.125 48.4227C205.125 47.8564 205.186 47.3762 205.309 46.9453C205.47 46.4282 205.778 46.0096 206.221 45.7018C206.664 45.394 207.194 45.2339 207.798 45.2339C208.401 45.2339 208.943 45.3817 209.399 45.7018C209.855 46.0096 210.151 46.4036 210.286 46.8714C210.323 46.9822 210.36 47.093 210.372 47.2161V47.2408C210.372 47.3393 210.323 47.4008 210.212 47.4131L209.424 47.5239H209.387C209.301 47.5239 209.239 47.4747 209.214 47.3885L209.177 47.2285C209.116 46.9576 208.956 46.7237 208.697 46.539C208.438 46.3543 208.143 46.2558 207.785 46.2558C207.428 46.2558 207.145 46.3543 206.898 46.539C206.652 46.7237 206.492 46.9699 206.418 47.2777C206.344 47.5732 206.307 47.9549 206.307 48.435C206.307 48.9152 206.344 49.2845 206.418 49.58C206.504 49.9001 206.664 50.1587 206.898 50.3434C207.145 50.528 207.428 50.6265 207.785 50.6265C208.143 50.6265 208.438 50.5404 208.685 50.3557C208.943 50.171 209.103 49.9371 209.177 49.6539V49.6047C209.177 49.6047 209.214 49.5308 209.251 49.4938C209.288 49.4569 209.337 49.4446 209.387 49.4446L210.175 49.58C210.286 49.6047 210.348 49.6662 210.335 49.777C210.335 49.814 210.311 49.8878 210.274 50.0109C210.138 50.5034 209.843 50.9097 209.387 51.2052C208.931 51.5007 208.401 51.6607 207.785 51.6607C207.169 51.6607 206.64 51.5007 206.196 51.1929L206.209 51.1806Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M215.644 49.8755C215.681 49.8016 215.731 49.7647 215.78 49.7647C215.817 49.7647 215.854 49.7647 215.891 49.8016L216.396 50.1094C216.457 50.1464 216.494 50.2079 216.494 50.2695L216.47 50.368C216.248 50.762 215.94 51.0821 215.534 51.3037C215.127 51.5376 214.659 51.6484 214.129 51.6484C213.55 51.6484 213.058 51.5253 212.663 51.2668C212.269 51.0082 211.961 50.6389 211.764 50.1587C211.555 49.6662 211.456 49.0876 211.456 48.4104C211.456 47.8194 211.505 47.3639 211.592 47.0561C211.739 46.4897 212.035 46.0588 212.466 45.7264C212.91 45.4063 213.439 45.2339 214.068 45.2339C214.844 45.2339 215.435 45.4309 215.841 45.8372C216.248 46.2435 216.507 46.8222 216.63 47.5855C216.667 47.8933 216.704 48.2503 216.716 48.6813C216.716 48.8044 216.655 48.8659 216.531 48.8659H212.676C212.676 48.8659 212.614 48.8906 212.614 48.9275C212.614 49.2353 212.663 49.4569 212.7 49.58C212.787 49.9001 212.971 50.1587 213.242 50.3434C213.513 50.528 213.846 50.6265 214.24 50.6265C214.893 50.6265 215.373 50.368 215.657 49.8632H215.644V49.8755ZM213.193 46.5144C212.971 46.6867 212.811 46.9207 212.737 47.2161C212.676 47.4008 212.639 47.6224 212.626 47.8933C212.626 47.9302 212.651 47.9549 212.688 47.9549H215.46C215.46 47.9549 215.521 47.9302 215.521 47.8933C215.521 47.6224 215.484 47.4254 215.447 47.29C215.361 46.9699 215.201 46.7237 214.967 46.5267C214.733 46.3297 214.425 46.2435 214.068 46.2435C213.71 46.2435 213.415 46.3297 213.193 46.5021V46.5144Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M218.194 51.5007C218.194 51.5007 218.145 51.4268 218.145 51.3652V43.2025C218.145 43.2025 218.145 43.104 218.194 43.067C218.244 43.0301 218.268 43.0178 218.33 43.0178H219.13C219.13 43.0178 219.229 43.0178 219.266 43.067C219.303 43.1163 219.315 43.1409 219.315 43.2025V51.3652C219.315 51.3652 219.315 51.4637 219.266 51.5007C219.217 51.5376 219.192 51.5499 219.13 51.5499H218.33C218.33 51.5499 218.231 51.5499 218.194 51.5007Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M221.964 51.1806C221.52 50.8728 221.212 50.4542 221.028 49.9125C220.88 49.4692 220.806 48.9768 220.806 48.4227C220.806 47.8687 220.88 47.3516 221.015 46.9576C221.2 46.4159 221.508 45.9973 221.951 45.7018C222.395 45.394 222.925 45.2462 223.553 45.2462C224.132 45.2462 224.649 45.394 225.08 45.7018C225.511 46.0096 225.832 46.4282 226.016 46.9453C226.164 47.3639 226.238 47.8441 226.238 48.4104C226.238 48.9768 226.164 49.4815 226.016 49.9125C225.832 50.4542 225.524 50.8851 225.093 51.1806C224.661 51.4761 224.132 51.6361 223.54 51.6361C222.949 51.6361 222.407 51.4884 221.964 51.1806ZM224.39 50.3557C224.637 50.171 224.809 49.9125 224.92 49.58C225.006 49.2722 225.056 48.8906 225.056 48.435C225.056 47.9795 225.019 47.5978 224.932 47.3023C224.822 46.9699 224.649 46.7114 224.403 46.5267C224.156 46.342 223.861 46.2558 223.516 46.2558C223.171 46.2558 222.9 46.342 222.654 46.5267C222.407 46.7114 222.235 46.9699 222.124 47.3023C222.038 47.5855 221.988 47.9672 221.988 48.435C221.988 48.9029 222.038 49.2846 222.124 49.58C222.222 49.9125 222.395 50.171 222.641 50.3557C222.888 50.5404 223.183 50.6265 223.54 50.6265C223.861 50.6265 224.156 50.5404 224.39 50.3557Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M232.065 45.8372C232.459 46.2189 232.644 46.7483 232.644 47.4008V51.3653C232.644 51.3653 232.644 51.4638 232.594 51.5007C232.545 51.5376 232.521 51.5499 232.459 51.5499H231.658C231.658 51.5499 231.56 51.5499 231.523 51.5007C231.486 51.4638 231.474 51.4268 231.474 51.3653V47.6347C231.474 47.2285 231.35 46.896 231.116 46.6498C230.882 46.3912 230.562 46.2681 230.18 46.2681C229.835 46.2681 229.54 46.3666 229.293 46.5759C229.059 46.7852 228.911 47.0561 228.874 47.4131V51.3653C228.874 51.3653 228.874 51.4638 228.825 51.5007C228.776 51.5376 228.751 51.5499 228.69 51.5499H227.889C227.889 51.5499 227.79 51.5499 227.753 51.5007C227.716 51.4638 227.704 51.4268 227.704 51.3653V45.5294C227.704 45.5294 227.704 45.4309 227.753 45.394C227.803 45.357 227.827 45.3447 227.889 45.3447H228.69C228.69 45.3447 228.788 45.3447 228.825 45.394C228.862 45.4432 228.874 45.4679 228.874 45.5294V45.8741C228.874 45.8741 228.874 45.9111 228.899 45.9234H228.936C229.281 45.4925 229.786 45.2832 230.476 45.2832C231.166 45.2832 231.671 45.4802 232.065 45.8618V45.8372Z" fill="#485455"/>
<path d="M237.854 45.5048C238.224 45.6772 238.507 45.9234 238.704 46.2312C238.901 46.539 239 46.896 239 47.3023V51.3653C239 51.3653 239 51.4637 238.951 51.5007C238.901 51.5376 238.877 51.5499 238.815 51.5499H238.015C238.015 51.5499 237.916 51.5499 237.879 51.5007C237.842 51.4637 237.83 51.4268 237.83 51.3653V51.0205C237.83 51.0205 237.83 50.9836 237.805 50.9713H237.756C237.522 51.1806 237.263 51.3406 236.943 51.4637C236.635 51.5746 236.29 51.6361 235.92 51.6361C235.329 51.6361 234.836 51.4884 234.455 51.1806C234.073 50.8728 233.876 50.4172 233.876 49.8016C233.876 49.186 234.097 48.6689 234.541 48.3119C234.984 47.9549 235.6 47.7702 236.401 47.7702H237.756C237.756 47.7702 237.817 47.7456 237.817 47.7086V47.3885C237.817 47.0315 237.719 46.7483 237.51 46.5513C237.3 46.3543 236.992 46.2558 236.561 46.2558C236.228 46.2558 235.957 46.3174 235.748 46.4405C235.539 46.5636 235.403 46.736 235.341 46.9576C235.305 47.0684 235.243 47.1176 235.132 47.1053L234.257 46.9945C234.257 46.9945 234.159 46.9699 234.122 46.9453C234.085 46.9207 234.073 46.8837 234.085 46.8468C234.159 46.3789 234.418 46.0096 234.873 45.7018C235.329 45.394 235.884 45.2585 236.536 45.2585C237.029 45.2585 237.46 45.3447 237.83 45.5171H237.854V45.5048ZM237.349 50.3187C237.67 50.0971 237.83 49.8016 237.83 49.4569V48.7551C237.83 48.7551 237.805 48.6936 237.768 48.6936H236.635C236.155 48.6936 235.773 48.7921 235.489 48.9767C235.206 49.1614 235.058 49.42 235.058 49.7524C235.058 50.0479 235.169 50.2818 235.378 50.4295C235.588 50.5896 235.871 50.6635 236.216 50.6635C236.647 50.6635 237.029 50.5527 237.349 50.3187Z" fill="#485455"/>
</g>
<defs>
<clipPath id="clip0_25_91">
<rect width="239" height="54" fill="white"/>
</clipPath>
</defs>
</svg>
</div>
</div>

<div class="pn-tip" id="pnTip"></div>
</div>

<script>
(function(){
/* ===========================================================
DATOS — sustituir por el CSV oficial de la IEA cuando lo tengas.
Valores en % (participación dentro de cada barra).
Orden de categorías fijo (ver array CATS).
=========================================================== */
var CATS = [
{name:"Procesamiento de gas natural", color:"#0073CE"},
{name:"Hidrógeno/amoníaco comercial", color:"#00A0DC"},
{name:"Biocombustibles", color:"#4CAF8E"},
{name:"Otra transformación de combustibles", color:"#2E7D9A"},
{name:"Generación eléctrica y calor", color:"#F4A93B"},
{name:"Cemento", color:"#E07B39"},
{name:"Hierro y acero", color:"#C75B4A"},
{name:"Otra industria", color:"#7E8CB5"},
{name:"Captura directa del aire (DAC)", color:"#1F3C73"}
];
var ROWS = [
{label:"Operativa (1T 2024)", v:[65.3, 14.9, 2.7, 1.3, 6.1, 0.0, 1.9, 7.2, 0.0]},
{label:"2030", v:[17.2, 21.3, 6.9, 6.8, 21.0, 4.9, 1.1, 4.8, 14.4]}
];

var wrap=document.getElementById('pnWrap');
var tip=document.getElementById('pnTip');

// axis + gridlines (0..100 cada 20)
var axis=document.getElementById('pnAxis'), grid=document.getElementById('pnGrid');
[0,20,40,60,80,100].forEach(function(t){
var s=document.createElement('span'); s.textContent=t+'%'; s.style.left=t+'%'; axis.appendChild(s);
var i=document.createElement('i'); i.style.left=t+'%'; grid.appendChild(i);
});

var nf=function(x){return x.toFixed(1).replace('.',',');};

// rows
var rowsEl=document.getElementById('pnRows');
ROWS.forEach(function(row){
var sum=row.v.reduce(function(a,b){return a+b;},0);
var r=document.createElement('div'); r.className='pn-row';
var lab=document.createElement('div'); lab.className='pn-row-label'; lab.textContent=row.label; r.appendChild(lab);
var bar=document.createElement('div'); bar.className='pn-bar'; bar.setAttribute('role','img');
bar.setAttribute('aria-label','Distribución por aplicación, '+row.label);
row.v.forEach(function(val,ci){
if(val<=0) return;
var seg=document.createElement('div'); seg.className='pn-seg';
seg.style.background=CATS[ci].color;
seg.dataset.w=(val/sum*100); // ancho normalizado a 100%
seg.dataset.cat=ci;
seg.setAttribute('tabindex','0');
seg.setAttribute('role','listitem');
seg.setAttribute('aria-label',CATS[ci].name+': '+nf(val)+' por ciento ('+row.label+')');
var show=function(e){ highlight(ci); showTip(seg,row.label,ci,val); };
var hide=function(){ clearHi(); hideTip(); };
seg.addEventListener('mouseenter',show);
seg.addEventListener('mousemove',function(e){moveTip(e);});
seg.addEventListener('mouseleave',hide);
seg.addEventListener('focus',show);
seg.addEventListener('blur',hide);
bar.appendChild(seg);
});
r.appendChild(bar); rowsEl.appendChild(r);
});

// legend
var leg=document.getElementById('pnLegend');
CATS.forEach(function(c,ci){
var li=document.createElement('div'); li.className='pn-li'; li.dataset.cat=ci;
li.innerHTML='<span class="pn-dot" style="background:'+c.color+'"></span>'+c.name;
li.addEventListener('mouseenter',function(){highlight(ci);});
li.addEventListener('mouseleave',clearHi);
leg.appendChild(li);
});

function highlight(ci){
wrap.classList.add('dim');
document.querySelectorAll('.pn-seg').forEach(function(s){ s.classList.toggle('hot', s.dataset.cat==ci); });
document.querySelectorAll('.pn-li').forEach(function(l){ l.classList.toggle('hot', l.dataset.cat==ci); });
}
function clearHi(){
wrap.classList.remove('dim');
document.querySelectorAll('.hot').forEach(function(s){s.classList.remove('hot');});
}
function showTip(seg,rowLabel,ci,val){
tip.innerHTML='<b>'+CATS[ci].name+'</b><br>'+rowLabel+' · <span class="v">'+nf(val)+' %</span>';
tip.classList.add('on');
var rect=seg.getBoundingClientRect(), wr=wrap.getBoundingClientRect();
tip.style.left=(rect.left-wr.left+rect.width/2)+'px';
tip.style.top=(rect.top-wr.top-tip.offsetHeight-10)+'px';
tip.style.transform='translateX(-50%)';
}
function moveTip(e){
var wr=wrap.getBoundingClientRect();
tip.style.left=(e.clientX-wr.left)+'px';
tip.style.top=(e.clientY-wr.top-tip.offsetHeight-14)+'px';
}
function hideTip(){ tip.classList.remove('on'); }

// animación de entrada
function draw(){ document.querySelectorAll('.pn-seg').forEach(function(s){ s.style.width=s.dataset.w+'%'; }); }
if('IntersectionObserver' in window){
var io=new IntersectionObserver(function(en){ en.forEach(function(x){ if(x.isIntersecting){ draw(); io.disconnect(); } }); },{threshold:.25});
io.observe(wrap);
} else { setTimeout(draw,60); }
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>

Usos actuales del CO₂

En el entorno portuario, el CO₂ capturado se integra en diversas aplicaciones industriales y energéticas. Destacan su uso como materia prima en la producción de combustibles sintéticos (Power-to-X) para el transporte marítimo, la síntesis de productos químicos y fertilizantes, sector que consume del orden de 200-250 millones de toneladas de CO₂ al año a escala global. Asimismo, puede destinarse a aplicaciones como la recuperación mejorada de petróleo (EOR) o su transporte hacia almacenamiento geológico, actuando el puerto como nodo logístico clave en la cadena de valor del carbono.

Un nuevo rol para los puertos

La circularidad del CO₂ introduce un cambio clave: el carbono deja de ser únicamente una emisión para convertirse en un flujo que puede capturarse, transportarse y reutilizarse dentro de un sistema industrial. En este contexto, los puertos evolucionan de infraestructuras logísticas a plataformas industriales y energéticas donde se gestionan flujos de carbono, energía y materias primas.

Algunos proyectos europeos muestran que esta transformación ya está en marcha. El reto ahora es extenderla a otros entornos, como el Mediterráneo, donde el Port de Barcelona puede desempeñar un papel relevante.

Vista previaDos trabajadores con equipos de protección revisan las tuberías en la construcción de la estación de compresión del proyecto Porthos de transporte y almacenamiento de CO₂ en el puerto de Róterdam
Construcción de la estación de compresión del proyecto Porthos, que comprimirá el CO₂ capturado por la industria de Róterdam para su transporte y almacenamiento permanente bajo el mar del Norte. (Porthos)

Circularidad del CO₂ en el entorno portuario

Más allá de su almacenamiento, el CO₂ puede reutilizarse en el entorno portuario como materia prima en combustibles sintéticos, procesos químicos o materiales, favoreciendo modelos de simbiosis industrial.

En este contexto, el puerto actúa como plataforma que integra captura, logística y uso del carbono, conectando emisores con nuevos consumidores. Entre los principales modelos destacan:

  • Hubs de almacenamiento: agregación y envío de CO₂ hacia almacenamiento geológico.
  • Simbiosis industrial: reutilización del CO₂ como materia prima en otras industrias del entorno portuario, incluyendo procesos químicos.
  • Producción de combustibles sintéticos (CCU): combinación de CO₂ capturado con hidrógeno renovable para generar e-fuels, como metanol o combustibles sostenibles de aviación (SAF).
  • Infraestructuras compartidas: redes comunes de transporte, almacenamiento y procesamiento para reducir costes y escalar soluciones, incluyendo modelos de «Carbono como Servicio» (CaaS).

En conjunto, estas soluciones muestran cómo la gestión del carbono puede pasar de la reducción de emisiones a modelos más integrados de reutilización y almacenamiento.

Vista previaGrupo de visitantes con casco y chaleco de alta visibilidad a bordo del buque Carbon Destroyer 1, atracado en el puerto de Esbjerg (Dinamarca), durante una visita del proyecto Greensand
Visita a bordo del Carbon Destroyer 1 en el puerto de Esbjerg (Dinamarca), en abril de 2026. El buque, primer carguero offshore de CO₂ del mundo, ultima los preparativos para entrar en operación dentro del proyecto Greensand, que transportará CO₂ desde la terminal de Esbjerg hasta el almacenamiento submarino en el mar del Norte danés. (Greensand)

Europa: primeros sistemas a escala

En el plano internacional, la descarbonización del transporte marítimo está marcada por la estrategia de la Organización Marítima Internacional (IMO), que fija el objetivo de alcanzar emisiones netas en el transporte marítimo internacional en torno a 2050.

En Europa, el transporte marítimo está integrado en el EU ETS desde 2024 y se complementa con FuelEU Maritime (2025), que reduce gradualmente la intensidad de gases de efecto invernadero de la energía utilizada a bordo, desde un 2 % en 2025 hasta un 80 % en 2050. En paralelo, la UE impulsa la gestión industrial del carbono (Industrial Carbon Management), que promueve cadenas de valor basadas en almacenamiento, reutilización y eliminación de CO₂, donde la infraestructura de transporte juega un papel clave para conectar emisores, puertos e industria. Además, el Net-Zero Industry Act fija el objetivo de alcanzar 50 millones de toneladas anuales de capacidad de almacenamiento de CO₂ en 2030, sentando las bases de una economía europea del carbono a escala.

Algunas iniciativas europeas ya ilustran este modelo. 

  • En el Puerto de Róterdam, el proyecto Porthos conecta emisiones industriales con almacenamiento en antiguos yacimientos de gas bajo el Mar del Norte. 
  • En el Puerto de Amberes-Brujas, Antwerp@C desarrolla una red compartida de captura y transporte de CO₂; su objetivo es reducir a la mitad las emisiones del clúster industrial antes de 2030. 
  • En Noruega, el proyecto Longship integra captura, transporte marítimo de CO₂ licuado y almacenamiento permanente abierto a emisores internacionales. 
  • En el Puerto de Esbjerg, Greensand impulsa una cadena completa de captura, transporte y almacenamiento de CO₂.

El elemento común es la escala: infraestructuras compartidas capaces de conectar emisores, puertos, transporte y almacenamiento.

Vista previaVista aérea del Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM), uno de los mayores centros de pruebas de tecnologías de captura de CO₂ del mundo, integrado en el complejo industrial de Mongstad junto al fiordo, en Noruega
El Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM), en Noruega, es el mayor centro abierto de pruebas de tecnologías de captura de CO₂ del mundo. En funcionamiento desde 2012 dentro del complejo industrial de Mongstad, permite ensayar y verificar soluciones de captura a escala industrial antes de su despliegue comercial. (TCM)

España: un ecosistema en desarrollo

En España, estas soluciones se encuentran aún en fases iniciales, pero ya se observan primeros movimientos en entornos industriales.

En el Port de Tarragona, iniciativas como TarraCO₂ avanzan en el desarrollo de almacenamiento geológico offshore, en un entorno industrial con potencial para integrar captura, almacenamiento y reutilización del carbono. No obstante, el desarrollo de este tipo de infraestructuras enfrenta limitaciones sociales y territoriales. Antecedentes como el Proyecto Castor, asociado a actividad sísmica y una fuerte contestación social, han condicionado la percepción pública de los proyectos de almacenamiento subterráneo en España.

A medida que estos proyectos evolucionen, la colaboración entre puertos, industria y administraciones será clave para desarrollar infraestructuras compartidas y generar la aceptación social necesaria para su despliegue a escala.

El Port de Barcelona: integración en su Plan de Transición Energética

El Port de Barcelona aborda la gestión del carbono dentro de una estrategia más amplia definida por su Plan de Transición Energética (PTE).

El PTE establece una hoja de ruta orientada a la descarbonización mediante la diversificación de vectores energéticos y la reducción progresiva de emisiones. En ese marco, el CO₂ se integra en un sistema que combina electrificación, nuevos combustibles e hidrógeno, con el objetivo de contribuir a la descarbonización de la cadena logística.

En esta estrategia, el CO₂ adquiere relevancia en dos ámbitos:

  • Como materia prima para la producción de combustibles sintéticos.
  • Como parte de estrategias de economía circular vinculadas a la captura y el aprovechamiento del carbono.

El plan contempla la exploración de tecnologías de captura de CO₂ y su reutilización, en línea con el desarrollo de nuevos modelos de negocio energéticos. Este enfoque integra la gestión del carbono con el resto del sistema energético del puerto.

Retos: escalar la infraestructura del carbono

El desarrollo de esta economía circular del CO₂ no está exento de desafíos;

  • El principal es económico: la captura requiere inversiones significativas en infraestructuras.
  • También existe un reto de coordinación: estos proyectos requieren alinear a industria, puertos, reguladores e inversores en el largo plazo. Por último, el marco regulatorio sigue evolucionando, especialmente en la certificación del CO₂ reutilizado y en los incentivos a su uso en combustibles. 

En este contexto, uno de los principales desafíos es definir su contabilización en términos de reducción de emisiones y establecer marcos que permitan el desarrollo de combustibles sintéticos.

El puerto como hub de carbono

Los puertos desempeñan un conjunto de funciones clave:

  • Carga y descarga: operaciones de transferencia de CO₂, especialmente en forma licuada, entre buques, terminales y otras infraestructuras logísticas.
  • Agregación y gestión de CO₂ capturado: recepción y concentración de flujos procedentes de distintas fuentes industriales.
  • Procesamiento y acondicionamiento: tratamiento del CO₂ (compresión, licuefacción o purificación) para su transporte, almacenamiento o reutilización.
  • Almacenamiento: gestión de CO₂ en terminales para almacenamiento temporal o como punto intermedio hacia almacenamiento permanente.
  • Transporte multimodal: envío mediante tubería, barco o ferrocarril hacia puntos de almacenamiento o uso.
  • Conexión con usos industriales: integración del CO₂ en procesos de reutilización, como la producción de combustibles sintéticos o productos químicos.

En este contexto, los puertos se consolidan como nodos clave para escalar la circularidad del CO₂ y avanzar hacia una transición energética más integrada.

Publicado por Javiera Brañes

Artículos relacionados